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• What is Art?
• World's Greatest Painters
• Best Modern Painters
• Art History
• Painting
• Sculpture
• Architecture
• Photography
• Irish Arts
• World Art
• Museums
• Art Appreciation

CHANNELS

• A-Z of ART MOVEMENTS
• TIMELINE OF ART
• PREHISTORIC ART
• RENAISSANCE
• ARTISTS (ALL)
• SCULPTURE
• PAINTING
• FAMOUS PAINTINGS ANALYZED
• ARCHITECTURE
• PHOTOGRAPHY
• MOST POPULAR ARTICLES

WHAT IS
POSTMODERNISM?
Please see:
Postmodernist Art

What is Art?
How is art defined and classified? What's the difference between fine, decorative and applied arts? What's the difference between arts and crafts? What's the difference between representational and abstract art? What are aesthetics? What are ready-mades? What is junk art? For answers to these and other questions see: Definition and Meaning of Art. For Christian diptychs, triptychs and polyptych altarpieces, Eastern Orthodox icons, and illuminated gospel manuscripts, see: Christian art. For all artworks derived from the Old or New Testament of the Bible, see: Biblical art. For a guide to sacred artworks in general, see: Religious art. For more information about print techniques such as woodcuts, relief or intaglio processes, aquatint, mezzotint, etching, dry-point, engraving or lithography, stencils, serigraphy and silkscreen, see Printmaking.

Other forms of art covered include various types of painting and drawing, as well as animation, architecture, assemblage, calligraphy, caricature, ceramics, collage, conceptualism, digital computer art, graffiti, graphic art, illustration, installations, performance, metalwork, mosaics, photography, pottery, sculpture, sketching, stained glass, tapestry, textile design, video, numerous types of artistic design, and more.

• For more information, see Types of Art.
• For answers to popular questions, see: Art Questions.

WHAT ARE THE
WORLD'S BEST
PAINTINGS?
To find out, see:
Greatest Paintings
Ever.

World's Greatest Painters (c.1300-1800)
Read biographies of ALL the great European Old Masters, such as: Gothic illuminators like Jean Pucelle and the Limbourg Brothers; leading icon panel painters like Theophanes the Greek and Andrei Rublev; Sienese painters such as Duccio di Buoninsegna; Flemish masters like Jan Van Eyck, Roger Van der Weyden, Hans Memling; Dutch painters like Hieronymus Bosch, as well as early German artists like Albrecht Altdorfer, Durer and Holbein. We analyze the Greatest Renaissance Paintings by Giotto, Masaccio, Botticelli, Leonardo Da Vinci, Correggio, Raphael and Tintoretto. We profile Mannerists like Paolo Veronese, miniaturists like Nicholas Hilliard, the Bolognese School of Annibale Carracci, and the great masters of Baroque painting such as Rubens, Caravaggio, Velazquez, as well as Ribera's Neapolitan School, and illusionist fresco painters like Pietro da Cortona and Andrea Pozzo. We profile Dutch Realists like Rembrandt and Jan Vermeer; as well as 18th century view-painters like Canaletto, Rococo painters like Boucher and Fragonard; Neoclassicists such as Jacques-Louis David, and Romantics like Goya.

• For a chronological list of painters by movement, see: OLD MASTERS.
• For a combined list of painters and sculptors, see: Visual Artists: Greatest.

WHO ARE THE
BEST MODERN
ARTISTS?
For biographies of
the greatest
Pre-Raphaelites,
Impressionists,
and Symbolists,
please see:
Famous Painters

WHO WON THE
TURNER PRIZE?
To find out who
holds the world's
top award for
contemporary art,
please see:
Turner Prize Winners

Best Modern Painters (c.1700-present)
We profile ALL the great 18th century masters of English figurative painting, like William Hogarth and Joshua Reynolds, as well as ALL the main members of the school of English landscape painting including JMW Turner, Constable and Richard Parkes Bonington. We also cover the 18th century American School, exemplified by portraitists Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, and Gilbert Stuart, and Japanese Ukiyo-e artists, like Hokusai and Hiroshige.

We provide biographies of ALL major 19th century painters including: masters from the French Barbizon Landscape School, like Corot, Theodore Rousseau, Millet and Daubigny, as well as American painters of the Hudson River School (Thomas Cole, Frederic Church), and exponents of Luminism. Realists like Daumier and Courbet, and Symbolists like Gustave Moreau, are also covered. We profile ALL the great Impressionist painters and ALL Post-Impressionist painters like Georges Seurat, Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cezanne and Munch. We profile Jules Cheret, inventor of 3-stone chromolithography, as well as ALL the great Russian artists up to 1917, including the goldsmith Peter Carl Faberge, creator of the exquisite Faberge Easter Eggs.

• For narrative, historical or mythological works, see: Best History Painters.
• For individual, group or self portraits, see: Best Portrait Artists.
• For everyday scenes, see: Best Genre Painters.
• For views and vistas, see: Best Landscape Artists.

We profile ALL major 20th century painters, including Fauvists like Matisse and Andre Derain; Expressionists like Modersohn-Becker, Kandinsky, Emil Nolde, August Macke and Klee; Chagall and Modigliani of the Paris School; Cubists like Picasso and Braque; Dadaists like Marcel Duchamp; Surrealists like Dali and Magritte, and abstract painters like Mondrian, Malevich and Moholy-Nagy. We cover ALL important American artists such as Hopper, Rothko, De Kooning, Pollock, Warhol, Jasper Johns, and the Neo-Pop sculptor Jeff Koons, as well as Mexican Muralists like Diego Rivera, and South Americans like Fernando Botero, and 20th century European masters like Lucian Freud, Antoni Tapies, Yves Klein and Damien Hirst.

DO YOU KNOW
THE OLDEST ART
EVER FOUND?
100 Oldest Works
of Stone Age Art

History of Art
Our coverage of Prehistoric art features the oldest art from across the globe. Dating to the lower Paleolithic era of the Stone Age between 290,000 and 700,000 BCE, it includes the strange phenomenon of cupules, the Venuses of Berekhat Ram and Tan-Tan, and the Blombos Cave petroglyphs. In addition, we feature Venus figurines (Venus of Hohle Fels, Venus of Willendorf), an extensive series of articles on cave art - including cave paintings at Chauvet, Lascaux and Altamira, ivory carvings like the Lion Man of Hohlenstein Stadel, as well as ancient pottery, Australian Aboriginal X-ray and Bradshaw paintings. See: Prehistoric Art Timeline.

WANT TO KNOW ABOUT STONE AGE ART?
USE OUR EASY A-Z INDEX of PREHISTORIC ART

We explore a range of Ancient art from a variety of civilizations. Beginning with Mesopotamian art (c.4500 BCE onwards), it includes the sculpture and frescos of Classical Antiquity, notably those of Greek art and Roman art. For the history of Asian art and culture, see Chinese Art Timeline (c.18,000 BCE - present). From 450 CE, we cover the mosaics and religious icons of the Byzantine era, followed by the courtly revivals of the Carolingian and Ottonian dynasties. We also take a close look at Pre-Columbian Art (c.1200 BCE - 1535 CE). From 1,000 CE, we trace the development of Medieval architecture and sculpture through the Romanesque, and Gothic periods, while painting is explored through the Sienese School and International Gothic styles. We explain the difference between trecento, quattrocento and cinquecento paintings. At the same time, Italian Renaissance art receives in-depth coverage, as does 17th century Baroque art, and 18th century Neoclassical art. In addition, we also look at the history of crafts, like jewellery and fine furniture.

Our guide to Modern Art lists all the trends and schools of the modern period. Important styles explored include: Impressionism (1874-84), Post-Impressionism (1880-1900), Fauvism (1905-7), Expressionism (1905-14), Cubism (1908-14), Surrealism (1923-present) and Pop art (1960s). We explain the meaning of styles like 'realism' and 'naturalism' in painting. In addition, we profile important 20th-century groups like Die Brucke and Der Blaue Reiter, and examine the contribution of styles like Japonism and Biomorphic Abstraction, as well as modern movements like Art Informel, Colour-Field Painting, Op Art and Fluxus, and the latest contemporary art forms like Angel and Fantasy art.

• For more details, see: History of Art. or Art Movements.

WANT TO KNOW THE DATE OF A PARTICULAR MOVEMENT?
SEE: TIMELINE OF ART

ANSWERS TO
YOUR QUESTIONS
In this section
we offer news and
facts or answers to
popular questions
about painting,
sculpture, or
architecture.

News, Articles on Artists and Movements

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
From 313 onwards, when it was legitimized by the Roman Emperor Constantine, the Christian church adapted existing architectural forms, and sometimes actual buildings, to its own needs. The sanctuary, built to enshrine a relic or the tomb of a martyr, followed the centralised plan often found in Classical architecture (see, for instance, the Pantheon). 

The 4th-century Church of Santa Costanza in Rome, for instance, was built originally not as a church, but as a mausoleum for one of the daughters of Constantine. The most important architectural source was the civil basilica, a rectangular pillared hall with three aisles, capable of enclosing a large, unobstructed space. As a church the entrance was placed in the short, west wall. The central aisle, or nave, was usually broader and higher than the flanking aisles, allowing clerestory windows above the colonnades, and there was a raised apse at the east end. The 5th-century basilica of Santa Sabina in Rome admirably demonstrates these essential features, and contains fine examples of Classical columns and capitals, salvaged from an earlier building. It was from this simple pattern that ecclesiastical architecture in the West developed over a period of a thousand years, leading in due course to the glorious Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals of Western Europe, as exemplified by Notre Dame de Paris as well as those at Chartres and Cologne. 

Christianity also expressed itself in architectural sculpture - notably reliefs and column statues. In this connection, it is important to remember that Christianity was dependent upon the same craftsmen, the same tools and the same techniques for its works of art, as all other (pagan) religions. It is hardly surprising therefore that so many Greek and Roman motifs survived into the early Christian period. Like pagans, Christians often placed their dead in marble coffins or sarcophagi. Traditionally, the Roman sarcophagus was decorated with tritons, nereids and other appropriate symbols of eternity, many of which could be adapted for use on Christian sarcophagi. On the 4th-century Sarcophagus of Adelphia from Syracuse, the deceased are shown in a shell-patterned roundel common to pagan monuments, but surrounded by a complex pattern of Biblical scenes. In the 5th century the realistic modelling of the Classical tradition was to give way to a flatter and more linear treatment of form. The 6th-century Throne of Maximian at Ravenna demonstrates these two tendencies in Christian art. St John the Baptist and the Four Apostles are, in contrast with the remaining panels of carved ivory, deeply cut to achieve three-dimensional form. The 6th-century figure of the Archangel Michael from the eastern Mediterranean, with its freedom of pose and flowing draperies, shows that in provincial centres the old Classicism lingered in spite of the more abstract style which was spreading outwards from Rome. For more about early Christian architectural designs, as well as a wide range of in-depth articles on Romanesque churches, Gothic cathedrals, and Renaissance bell-towers and baptisteries,see our easy MAIN A-Z INDEX.

MASTERPIECES
ANALYZED
Check our index
for the meaning
of key paintings
like the Mona Lisa
and many others,
by the world's top
oil painters and
watercolourists.

Painting
Our coverage of fine art painting centres on the medium of oil painting, but we also answer questions about the earlier encaustic and tempera methods. Nineteenth century watercolours / gouache, and twentieth century acrylic paints are also covered, as is figure painting and drawing from life. Our section on colour in painting traces exactly how the main colour pigments evolved, and outlines the theory of colour, as well as the main colour palettes from Antiquity onwards.

We look at the history and development of oil paint as it expanded from damper areas of Northern Europe to Italy and Spain, and also examine methods such as buon fresco and mezzo-fresco murals, and linear perspective. Painterly methods like chiaroscuro, tenebrism, and impasto are also examined, as are automatic painting techniques like frottage and decalcomania.

We profile the five painting genres which make up the Hierarchy of the Genres as were taught in the main Fine Arts Academies of Europe. They are (in order of importance): (1) History Painting; (2) Portraiture; (3) Genre Painting; (4) Landscapes; (5) Still Life.

BRONZE
CASTING
For a mini-guide
please see:
Bronze Sculpture.

Sculpture
We cover the origins, history and development of sculpture in bronze, stone, marble, bronze, clay, and wood. Read our introduction Greek Sculpture Made Simple covering the Archaic (600-500), Classical (500-323) and Hellenistic (c.323-27 BCE) eras; read about the great Roman narrative reliefs like Trajan's Column. We also profile the finest Greek sculptors, like Phidias, Polykleitos, Myron, Lysippos and Praxiteles, as well as famous antique sculptures like the Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, the Venus de Milo, Lacoon and His Sons, and the Ara Pacis Augustae, in Rome. For a chronological outline of the plastic arts, see: Sculpture History.

In addition, we cover column statues and other architectural stonework by the great stone-masons and bronze-workers associated with Italian Renaissance sculpture, as well as Medieval, Romanesque and Gothic sculpture. We look at equestrian statues, bas-relief and haut-relief sculptures by artists like Lorenzo Ghiberti, Donatello, and Andrea del Verrocchio, along with marbles and bronzes by carvers like Michelangelo, Bernini, Antonio Canova and Rodin. We also profile great 20th century masters such as Brancusi, Ossip Zadkine, Alexander Calder and Louise Bourgeois; the Cubists Archipenko and Lipchitz; exponents of biomorphic abstraction like Jean Arp and Henry Moore; expressionists like Jacob Epstein; abstract sculptors like Naum Gabo and David Smith; minimalists like Donald Judd; junk artists like Arman and Cesar Baldaccini; kinetic artists like Jean Tinguely; the surrealist Giacometti; the Pop artist Claes Oldenburg; and the contemporary sculptors Joseph Beuys, Antony Gormley, Richard Serra and Anish Kapoor.

• For an article on the theory, materials and types of 3-D objects, see: Sculpture Art.
• For a list of the finest works, see: Greatest Sculptures Ever (33,000 BCE - present).
• For biographies of the best 3-D artists, see: Greatest Sculptors. (500 BCE - present).

Architecture and Design
We cover the history of architecture from the earliest human civilizations. This includes a review of Ancient Egyptian architecture (3,000 BCE - 200 CE); as well as Greek architecture exemplified by the Parthenon (447-422), and Roman architecture, characterized by its arches, vaulting and use of concrete; the soaring arches and stained glass art of Gothic architecture, illustrated by Chartres Cathedral; Baroque architecture (17th century) exemplified by Saint Peter's Basilica (1506-1626) and the Palace of Versailles (built c.1624-98); Neoclassical architecture (18th century) as in the US Capitol, Washington DC; American architecture (1600-present); and Skyscraper architecture (1850-present), which takes us up to the 2,717-foot Burj Khalifa Dubai building in the United Arab Emirates (2010), and the 1776-foot Freedom Tower, New York, both designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.

Coming soon is our brand new series of biographies on the greatest architects from around the world, including: Filippo Brunelleschi, Donato Bramante, Bernini, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Latrobe, James Renwick, Eugene Violet-le-Duc, William Le Baron Jenney, Daniel Hudson Burnham, Dankmar Adler, Louis Sullivan, Antoni Gaudi, Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Robert Venturi, I.M.Pei, Sir Norman Foster, Eero Saarinen, Frank Gehry, Fazlur Rahman Khan and others.

Art Photography
In addition we profile the world's greatest photographers (1880-present) involved in portraiture, fashion, landscape, street photography and photojournalism, including Ansel Adams, Richard Avedon, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Andreas Gursky, Irving Penn, Man Ray, Edward Steichen, Alfred Stieglitz, Jeff Wall, and many others.

ALL YOU NEED TO
KNOW ABOUT
IRISH ART
We look at aspects
of Celtic art, like
Swords, Jewellery,
Coins, Designs
(Interlace, Knots
Spirals, Crosses)
Celtic metalcraft
like cloisonne and
enamelling, seen
in works like the
Derrynaflan Chalice.
We look at Gospel
illuminations like
the Cathach of St.
Columba and Book
of Durrow.

Irish Art - History and Development
We trace the 10 stages in the history of Irish art. These include the Stone Age engravings at Newgrange; Celtic metalwork like Ardagh Chalice, Broighter Gold Torc, Petrie Crown, and Tara Brooch, as well as Christian illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells. In addition, we profile the cultural institutions which fostered the growth of Irish painting, such as the Royal Hibernian Academy (RHA).

We also examine the current state of visual arts in Ireland, look at the architectural heritage and cultural legacy of Leinster, Connacht, Munster and Ulster, and profile organizations involved in Irish art, like the Arts Council, Culture Ireland, auctioneers including Adams, Whytes, and deVeres, plus schools like Dublin's NCAD and Cork's Crawford College of Art & Design.

Greatest Irish Painters & Sculptors
Our list of over 300 biographical profiles of the greatest Irish artists starts with Garret Morphy and Susanna Drury of the 17th century, and continues up until the 21st century. We look at a range of Famous Irish artists including John Lavery, Roderic O'Conor, Jack B Yeats, William Orpen, Paul Henry, Francis Bacon, William Scott, Louis le Brocquy and others. We also review artist groups like Aosdana, as well as the most exciting contemporary Irish artists, and examine the top Irish sculptors including the Surrealist F.E.McWilliam, the figurative Rowan Gillespie, the semi-abstract Edward Delaney, and others. For details, see: Irish Sculpture.

WORLD ARTS
We also explore
Viking Art (notably
Jellinge, Mammen,
Ringerike & Urnes
styles); as well as
Jewish artworks
and Islamic art.

Art From Around the World
We explore a wide range of different artistic mediums, methods and styles, from a variety of cultures across the globe. They include historical as well as contemporary forms of creative expression, from almost all continents.

For example: see African art, for a guide to rock paintings, classical African sculpture, religious and tribal artworks. See Celtic art, for metalwork of the Hallstatt and La Tene culture, plus abstract geometric designwork. See Chinese Pottery, for porcelain, terracotta works including black-glazed pottery and various types of Celadon; for a general guide, see: Chinese art (c.1700 BCE to 2000 CE). See Egyptian art, for tomb artworks - including, panel paintings, murals, sculpture, and monumental pyramid design. See Greek Pottery, for ceramic designs including the Geometric style, Oriental Style, Black-Figure Style and Red-Figure Style. See Japanese art for a guide to Buddhist Temple art, Zen ink-painting, Yamato-e, and Ukiyo-e painting. See Russian art, for prehistoric sculpture, medieval icon-painting, and wonderful 19th century works from the Society for Itinerant Art Exhibitions. In addition, we cover colonial art from Australia and America as well as mainstream American art (c.1750-present). We also cover the primitive native art of tribal societies in Alaska, the Americas, Africa, India, as well as Oceanic artifacts from Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia and Australasia.

THE WORLD'S
GREAT BUYERS
See:
Greatest
Art Collectors.

Best Art Museums
We explore the collections, acquisitions and history of the world's great museums.

We profile the best art museums in America, including the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Art Institute of Chicago, Detroit Institute of Arts, Frick Collection, the Metropolitan Museum / MoMA / Samuel R Guggenheim / Whitney Museum (all in New York), the Getty Center LA, Philadelphia Museum of Art, National Gallery Washington DC, the Phillips Collection and many more. We also profile the best art museums in Europe, such as the Louvre, Musee d'Orsay, and the Pompidou Centre in Paris, the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, the Vatican Museums in Rome, the Prado Museum in Madrid, the Tate Collection / National Gallery / Victoria and Albert Museum / Saatchi Gallery (all in London), the Hermitage in St Petersburg, the Pushkin Museum and Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, and many more. For a general guide, see: Best Art Museums.

Art Education & Appreciation
As an introductory guide for students and teachers, we provide a number of art appreciation articles, such as: Art Evaluation: How to Appreciate Art and How to Appreciate Sculpture, among others. We cover questions like "How to assess the subject matter, composition, line and shape, colour, texture and brushwork of a painting?"; "how to judge the background/context of a work?"; "how to appreciate abstract art?" and much more. See also our new series Analysis of Modern Paintings (1800-2000).

Famous Paintings Analyzed
In addition, we provide an extensive series of reviews of famous paintings by the greatest Old Masters. They include masterpieces from the Renaissance and Baroque periods, such as: Battle of San Romano (Paolo Uccello); Arnolfini Portrait (Jan Van Eyck); Lamentation over the Dead Christ (Andrea Mantegna); The Portinari Altarpiece (Hugo Van Der Goes); The Last Supper and Mona Lisa (Leonardo); School of Athens and Sistine Madonna (Raphael); The Isenheim Altarpiece (Matthias Grunewald); the Sistine Chapel frescoes (Michelangelo); Assumption of the Virgin (Titian); Hunters in the Snow (Pieter Bruegel); Supper at Emmaus (Caravaggio); Night Watch and Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (Rembrandt); Girl with a Pearl Earring (Jan Vermeer), Pilgrimage to Cythera (Jean-Antoine Watteau); and many others. For details, see: Famous Paintings: Analysis and Interpretation.

Look out for our new articles on painting techniques like, foreshortening, trompe l'oeil, linear perspective, quadratura, sfumato, and grisaille. Also look out for our forthcoming series on fine art photography, as well as 20th century design, featuring decorative styles like Art Nouveau, Art Deco and Bauhaus, as well as 21st century fantasy graphics.

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USE OUR MAIN A-Z INDEX

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